Title The Greatest Generation Essays - Margaret Ringenberg

Title: The Greatest Generation Author: Tom Brokaw Summary: This book tells the stories of 50 young people who grew up during the depression and fought in World War II then came home to build America into a super power that could win the cold war. In one of the first lines of the book Tom Brokaw states, ?I think this is the greatest generation that society has ever produced.? I can't even imagine all the obstacles that they had to overcome. These men and women were born in the roaring twenties when our economy was booming and prohibition was in force. They went from boom to the greatest bust in American history, the great depression. They watched their parents lose their farms and business and then were called upon to fight the two greatest war machines of the twentieth century. After defeating these aggressors the young men and women came home and got married producing the baby-boomers. The GI bill allowed more of them to get a college education than any other generation. Instead of resting on their laurels they turned the industrial machine that won the war into one of greatest peacetime economies in history. The infrastructure of highways, bridges and dams that we use today was built by these enterprising men. There were also mistakes made, McCarthyism was allowed to flourish and racism went unchallenged for much to long. This book wasn't just about history but about people stories and experiences. Tom Brokaw presents a very balanced view telling not just stories about young white men storming the beaches on D-Day but also about women in the service and those who stayed home. He also tells the stories of Japanese and African American men who were fighting to defend a country that was persecuting them. Major Characters: There are 50 major characters in this book and it would impossible for me to even mention something meaningful about everyone of them so I will pick three that I thought exemplified the spirit of the book. Ordinary People, Charles O. Van Gorder, MD: Charles was a thirty-one year old captain when he was asked to drop behind enemy line with the paratroopers during the D-Day invasion. His glider crash landed at 4:00 am on June 6. He was lucky unlike so many others no one was hurt in his glider. That changed very quickly, by 9:00 am he and his fellow doctors had set up their MASH unit. Van Gorder and the other surgeons worked for 36 hours straight operating on hundreds of wounded paratroopers while wearing their combat helmets the whole time. When Charles finally went back to his tent to get some sleep he found that a German shell had hit and destroyed it just a few minutes earlier. Van Gorder stayed with the 101st Airborne division throughout 1944 until he was captured by German soldiers during the Battle of Bastone. Van Gorder had suffered shrapnel wounds in his so he had to be supported by his friend Dr. Rodda. Charles and the other POWs were packed into a box car headed east into Germany when their train came under attack from A merican fighters so Dr. Van Gorder organized the prisoners into a giant human sign saying: USA POWS. Not long after Charles and Dr. Rodda escaped and made their way back west to American lines. After serving for 5 years and 30 straight months overseas he finally returned home to his wife Helen. Helen had given birth to Rod while Charles was in North Africa but Rod died of SIDS with out ever having met his father. Van Gorder turn down a high paying, prestigious New York fellowship to set up a practice in his hometown of Andrews, Tennessee. Dr. Van Gorder spent the rest of his life caring for the loggers of that Smoky Mountain hamlet. Women in Uniform and Out: Margaret Ray Ringenberg When Margaret Ringenberg took her first flight at the age of 7 she fell in love with flying. So after she graduated from high school she started taking lessons at the local airfield and she got her pilots license when she was only 21, just in time to apply for WASP. WASP stood for Women's Air Force Service Pilots and

The current policies of land use in Australia

The current policies of land use in Australia Land is a very important asset that must be planned for effectively in order to ensure that it gives maximum output while remaining sustainable. According to Koomen and Beurden (2011, p. 73), land is an asset which is scarce and very fragile, making it necessary to develop mechanisms of using it in a wise manner.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The current policies of land use in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is of great concern that the society has not come to appreciate the importance of land as a scarce and a fragile asset that needs protection in order to ensure that there is sustainability. National planners in various countries have perfected the art of developing policies on how various resources can be used sustainably in order to ensure that they can still be used in future. However, they have failed to come up with measures that would ensure that land is protected from any possible destruction that may make it unproductive in future (Gaffikin Morrissey 2011, p. 70). Strategic changes being experienced in the modern society are presenting new practical dilemmas that hinder successful achievement of spatial land use planning outcomes. This research will focus on the current policies of land use in Australia and the prevailing conflict between public input, community interests, and effective outcomes. Australia is one of the leading economies in the world. It has one of the largest per capita income in this region, with its Human Development Index considered the second best in the world. The government of Australia has been keen to develop land policies that would protect the interest all the stakeholders. There has been need to reconcile the conflict between public input and community interests through proper strategic spatial land use planning. It is important that the interest of the investors, public, and the national government in land use be protected in o rder to ensure that the three sectors work in harmony to promote development of the country’s economy (Chapin 2007, p. 40). The government has made an effort to ensure that there is a clear plan on how land in this country should be used, and how different stakeholders should relate on issues concerning land.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economy of Australia has been expanding very rapidly over the past years. Urban centers are developing at a very high rate. This is caused by the preference of people to stay in urban centers than in the rural settings. The City of Melbourne has experienced a massive increase in population over the past two decades. The Victorian State Government has been concerned of the best way land can be used to benefit all the stakeholders within the city (Jha Singh 2008, p. 67). The Australian Collaborative Land Use Mapping Pr ogram was developed by the national government to help in land planning, especially in cities that are experiencing huge growth over the past few years. The East-West Link Project is part of the vision by Melbourne City planners to help manage the limited land within the city. According to Scholl (2012, p. 67), spatial planning goes beyond land planning. It entails protection of the welfare of the members of the society by ensuring that they have access to land and all its resources that can make them lead decent lives. According to Kawakami (2013, p. 45) the government of Australia has made efforts to ensure that land, especially in the major cities such as Melbourne, is not only used to give maximum output, but also remain sustainable for the future generation. The planned construction of the East West Link road is intended to link Western Ring Road and Eastern Freeway. This government project is intending to decongest the city by creating an alternative route that can be used by motorists connecting between the two highways. However, such massive government contracts always come with conflicts on how stakeholders should be involved, and how such projects may affect other players (Albrechts 2006, p. 1150). The outcome of this project is intended to help all the stakeholders within this city by reducing its population. However, this raised some conflict between public input and community interests. According to Barker (2006, p. 67), land as an asset is scarce and very fragile. Land cannot be replaced once destroyed. For this reason, the current generation has a responsibility to the future generation by ensuring that land is used sustainably. However, the current strategic spatial land use planning approach taken by the government over this project has been criticized as not being sustainable. For instance, the local community has complained of the consequences associated with building this road. One of the main complains that have been raised by the local co uncil politicians is the possible loss of large parts of the Royal Park.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The current policies of land use in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This park has been considered as one of the most important recreational facility within this community. This road will have to go through this park, and this will affect its sustainability. Some of these politicians have argued that the Victorian State Government should have considered construction of metro railway lines instead, because the possibility of this project destroying the park is very high. The local community feels that the benefit of the new road is far much less as compared to the negative consequences it shall have on their livelihood (Potschin Haines-Young 2011, p. 91). This means that all the stakeholders must be involved to ensure that this public input does not have adverse effect on the interest of the community. This project has to continue because the need to implement it has been identified, and funds needed have already been set aside. However, the stakeholders must find a way of addressing the issues raised in order to ensure that the interest of the local community is protected. According to Scholl (2012, p. 80), it is important to involve the local community in any project that involves land use in order to eliminate any form of resistance. Some of the members of this community will have to shelve part of their land to be used in this project. The Royal Park is also under threat when this road is constructed through it. This public input must take into consideration the interest of the local community. The issues raised about the park must be considered because strategic spatial land use planning involves ensuring that there is sustainability in land use. This means that the outcome of this project must be based on sustainability of land for the current and future generation. The Vict orian State Government must ensure that when this project commences, all the issues raised by the local community about sustainability is adequately addressed. List of References Albrechts, L 2006, ‘Shifts in strategic spatial planning? Some evidence from Europe and Australia’ Environment and Planning A’, vol. 38. no. 1, pp. 1149 -1170.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Barker, K 2006, Barker review of land use planning: Final report – recommendations, TSO, London. Chapin, T 2007, Growth management in Florida: Planning for paradise, Ashgate, Aldershot. Gaffikin, F Morrissey, M 2011, Planning in divided cities: Collaborative shaping of contested space, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex. Jha, M Singh, R 2008, Land use: Reflection on spatial informatics, agriculture and development, Concept Publishers, New Delhi. Kawakami, M 2013, Spatial planning and sustainable development: Approaches for achieving sustainable urban form in Asian cities, Springer, Dordrecht. Koomen, E Beurden, J 2011, Land-use modelling in planning practice, Springer, Dordrecht. Potschin, M Haines-Young, R 2011, ‘Landscapes, sustainability and the place-based analysis of ecosystem services’, Landscape Ecol, vol. 1. no. 9, pp. 1-13. Scholl, B 2012, HESP: Higher education in spatial planning : positions and reflections, VDF, Zürich.

The Truth about the U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Research Paper

The Truth about the U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War - Research Paper Example The ideologies of Marxism-Leninism provided Mao Zedong, Brezhnev, Khrushchev, Stalin, Ho a shared goal in pursuing revolutionary changes all over the world. Hence, the Cold War was â€Å"a world war†¦ in which the future governance of the international system was at stake, and in which the great powers opposing the United States and its allies were the moral equivalent of Nazi Germany† (Moore & Turner 2002, 440). The war in Vietnam actually started because the USSR did not attempt to provoke the United States. Yet, in the less developed countries (LDCs), Moscow could hide its operations and still carry out its plans. The fame of Ho as a fervent supporter of independence, alongside Mao’s eagerness to support him, established Vietnam as an especially advantageous chance (Moore & Turner 2002). Therefore, this was a conflict that the Americans could barely have prevented, that is, to have stayed detached would have created a major pro-USSR repositioning in global polit ics. It is the argument of this paper that the Vietnam War is justified, yet it was dealt with in wrongly. Lyndon Johnson relied greatly on military commanders whose tactic of finding out and annihilating adversaries, rather than guaranteeing the safety of civilians, generated more fatalities than outcomes. As an obvious result, support from the Congress and the general public has weakened. Broadening the disagreement would simply have made everything more unpleasant, as, current Chinese documents reveal, Mao planned to get involved (Capps 1991). The sole possible option was for the Americans to give up the war, as stated by Jennings (2010), so as to sustain the American national political agreement in support of the Cold War. Triumph was not the issue. What was required was an attempt to prove that the Americans would protect and support its allies in the developing world, to guarantee prospective targets of the expansionist mission of Moscow that the U.S. would not leave them. However by persisting with the conflict until a total disintegration of national determination and a mortifying departure, the governments of Nixon and Ford promoted Soviet antagonism throughout the latter part of the 1970s (Neu 2005), a development repealed when Reagan reinstated the nation to a policy of rendering its dedications trustworthy once more. It is a well-known fact today that Ho, Mao, and Stalin rendezvous in 1950 in Moscow to formulate the line of attack for an ultimate occupation of Indochina (Jennings 2010). It is known that North Vietnam has better or larger support from China and USSR than assumed beforehand: the anti-aircraft squads of Russia in fact attacked American soldiers in Vietnam, and it was documented that there were roughly 170,000 combatants of China on its area (Moore & Turner 2002). It is known that the North Vietnamese were not at all actually solemn about an agreed resolution, and that their allegedly independent Viet Cong friends were actually their dummie s. It has been recounted that South Vietnamese and Americans had no control over the exercise of bloodshed (Jennings 2010): The North Vietnamese were simply as awful, and the Khmer Rouge were obviously much more dreadful. Nevertheless, some historians failed to explain why the integrity of the United States

The Thomas Jefferson Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Thomas Jefferson Presidency - Essay Example The first way is to assess the presidency of Thomas Jefferson based on how writers during or close to the period viewed the presidency. The other way is to assess it on the basis of two key indicators: 1) economic growth and economic management data during the period; and 2) political institutional data associated with his rule. Of the former, a good indicator can be provided by the inaugural statements of President Thomas Jefferson himself. ... land, traversing all the seas with the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with nations.† 7 Perhaps, the best indicator of what eight years of the presidency of Thomas Jefferson have brought to America is the presidential inaugural address of James Madison in 1809. Speaking on 4 March 1809, after 8 years of the rule of Thomas Jefferson, Madison said that the US national prosperity was â€Å"at a height not before attained.†8 Madison also pointed out that under the Jefferson administration â€Å"†¦the fruits of a just policy were enjoyed in an unrivalled growth† of United States faculties and resources.9 According to Madison, the proof of the unrivalled growth can be seen â€Å"in the improvements of agriculture, in the successful enterprises of commerce, in the progress of manufacturers and useful arts, in the increase of the public revenue and the use made of it in reducing the public debt, and in the valuable works and establishment eve rywhere multiplying over the face of our land.† 10 It is clear, therefore, that we have a good and a reliable basis to say that President Thomas Jefferson has been successful as a president of the US and his achievements can be considered as extraordinary during his time as he was credited to have expanded the United States territory through the Louisiana Purchase. The success of Thomas Jefferson is also supported by solid data. One piece of such data is growth in gross domestic product in real 2005 terms. This is documented by MeasuringWorth, a data collection institution in the internet. Figure 1 from the website is illustrative. Figure 1. US GDP in real terms, 1795 to 1820 Source: http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/graph.php It is clear from the MeasuringWorth data that the US real GDP data was on the

Humanistic School of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Humanistic School of Psychology - Essay Example Humanistic psychology emerged in the 1950s, the time marked by profound social changes, the onset of global movements, emergence of new scholarly paradigms questioning the traditional empiricist and positivist conceptions of the world and human being, the change in physics which "discarded the requirement of total objectivity and the complete separation of external world from observer", etc (Schultz and Schultz, 2004: 483). In psychology, these transformations took shape of the rise of cognitive and humanistic perspectives that actively criticized psychoanalytic theory for portraying people as being directed only by their unconscious wishes and irrational forces. They also did not support the behaviorist school because the latter viewed people as biological robots "who are mechanically programmed by the conditioning force of external stimuli" (Vander Zanden, 1993: 45). These principles rely almost exclusively on the research and findings of two American psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, the brightest and most proliferate representatives of humanistic psychology. The essence of Maslow's theory is the hierarchy of needs and "self-actualization" - development and self-improvement of personality. Human have a complex hierarchy of needs that emerge at the moment of birth (food, drink, shelter) and continue throughout life (social security, status attainment, etc). Visually, these needs are organized in the form of the famous 'pyramid of need' with physiological needs being at the bottom and self-actualization being at the top. Maslow believes that the lower layers of needs must be fulfilled first before passing over to the upper layers. However, it does not mean that each person must follow the same template: fulfilling the non-basic needs depends entirely upon the individual. Musicians must make music, artists must paint, and poets must write if they want to be ultimately at peace with themselves. What humans can be, they must be: they must be true to their own nature and if they are it is called "self-actualization". This category is less a nee d than a final development stage for the person (Maslow, 1987). Poor amenability to being quantified and lack of predictive power is perhaps the most often mentioned drawback of Maslow's model: it is a general idea or shape that is descriptive and represents a great analytic interest. Maslow's theory is also weak on the exact points of transition. Thus, for illustrative purposes one may speak of someone's needs being 85% satisfied, but there is absolutely no possibility available to quantify the

Impact of Congestion Growth in Muscat

Impact of Congestion Growth in Muscat CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Statement of the problem Most of the countries experienced significant increases in car ownership over the past two decades, resulting in rapid increases in total travel on the roads, and declining absolute market shares for public transport. Bonsall (2000) notes that, in the UK, car ownership rose from 30% of households in 1960 to 70% in 1995. In the US, by 2000, car ownership had exceeded an average of one car per licensed driver in many urban areas. Similar patterns are evident in many other countries around the world. With this burgeoning of car ownership has come the obvious consequence-escalating road congestion. As a result, policy makers have become increasingly focused on the idea of reducing congestion (Stradling, 2000). The mechanisms for reducing congestion are several. Included among these are increasing ride sharing (a mainstay of Transportation Demand Management policies in the US, for example), increasing the use of public transport, providing high occupancy vehicle lanes on various roadways, etc. Initially, Singapore, and then several cities in Norway experimented with introducing congestion charges for central cities. Most recently, London has introduced congestion charging for the central area, in an effort to reduce central Londons congestion levels. Following on the heels of that, many other cities around the world are now seriously considering similar congestion. Therefore, Muscat as the capital of Sultanate of Oman, the increasing of car ownership is one of the higher growths per household. In 1999 the passenger cars estimated 174 per 1000 people by comparing Muscat with wealthy Asian cities car ownership 123 per 1000 people (Nicholas Low and Brendan Gleeson,2003). 42 percent more than Asian wealthy cities, in the same time the population of Muscat is much lower than any of Asian cities. Therefore, Muscat is one of the cities, which suffering from congestion in this world. Current traffic situation Past trends Many factors influence the travel behaviour and cause disturbances through unexpected external effects, such as oil prices, economic recession etc. (Known as explanatory variables). Thus if one understands these factors, one can forecast future behaviour on the basis of projections of these variables. However, it is conventional to base travel forecasts on past trends described by time series data over a period of years. In Muscat, the principal weakness is a lack of reliable traffic flow data to identify trends in past growth. It is reasonable to assume therefore, that increases in population and economic activity will result in increased road traffic and land use development. Land use development relates to the need to house population increases and to new employment opportunities created by economic growth. Analysis of available data from 1980 to the present showed that: The population of Oman has increased at an average rate of about 10 per cent per annum. The national economy has grown at rates varying between -3 and + 17 per cent per annum. The national vehicle stock has increased at an average rate of 12 per cent per annum (the national car stock has grown even faster, at an average rate of 15 per cent per annum). Current conditions and characteristics Local conditions need to be thoroughly examined before any remedial measures can be taken. The study has observed and identified many problems and characteristics concerning the traffic and road network conditions. It has been estimated that the total AM peak. hour flow over the whole of the network is about 35000 vehicles, out of which 8000 vehicles on Sultan Qaboos street alone (two way flow) which constitute 23% of the total network flow. Comparing this with the car ownership (estimated to be 11 0 per 1000 population) implies that there is significant travel. demand on the network. The Stage I identified the following characteristics and problems, all of which will be exacerbated by future traffic growth: The road network in Muscat modern but depends, to a great extend, on the satisfactory operation of a single main road: Sultan Qaboos Street. The demonstrably high (but unqualified) traffic growth rates of recent years mean that this spine route is reaching its operational limits at times of peak demand. Peak period delays are occurring at important junctions (Such as Al Khuwair, Al Ghubra Roundabout etc..) and on the highway. There are no alternative routes at present, until express way open, which be expecting in the end of 2010. Traffic signal equipment in the important commercial centre of Ruwi is not exploiting the full potential of the existing road system. All parking is free of charge and demand in the CBD is reaching levels that are creating supply problems. The operation of the road system is adversely affected by on-street (verge) parking in a number of locations. Public transport services (buses) are provided by the Oman National Transport Company. It is understood that the scheduled ONTC services are subsidised by profitable charter services. The overall financial performance of ONTC, which is a state owned company, is just profitable. This performance is forcing modernisation of the bus fleet not to take place hence, reducing its appeal to potential customers. The average age of the bus fleet is increasing thus reducing the attraction of public transport. Bus services are supplemented by minibus and taxi services. Public transport is rarely used in preference to a private car. This applies particularly to scheduled bus services. The future role, ownership and organisation of ONTC were supposed to be the subject of a separate study. Coordination between the development of land use and transport policies at a local level is limited and could be improved. Operational road safety and traffic control are the responsibility of ROP. Traffic control is to an acceptable standard although the manual control of some important signalised junctions in Ruwi should be reviewed. As in all countries, there is scope for improved standards of road safety through established driver education programmes. The economic cost to the community of road accidents is not systematically quantified in Oman. In countries where such costs are quantified, they are found to be large and are used to justify traffic and safety management investment programmes often concerned with junction improvements to reduce accident risk. Purpose of the study In scientific research the purpose statement indicates why you want to do the study and what you intend to accomplish (Locke, Spirduso, and Silverman, 2000). According to this; The purpose of this sequential, mixed methods study is to first explore the impact of congestion growth in Muscat city as well as determining the percentage growth over the last ten year. Then based on the experiences and needs defined, the second phase will be to develop a solution that suits and match the requirement of transport provision needs based on the previous information as well as information collected in this phase; namely observation of both modern and professional ways of improving traffic demand management Potential significance This research study are important to different sectors. Because, the congestion is not only effecting the road users, but also society, economic, environment, and human. However, its important to consider externalities from congestion by implementing traffic demand management and improve public transport as one of the holistic solution in Muscat city. Statements and rationale for mixing methods This research is intended to follow a mixed methods research design. According to this, the aim of this section is to define and give a rationale for using this specific research design for this specific study. Mixed methods research design is defined as the collection or analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study in which the data are collected concurrently or sequentially, are given a priority, and involve integration of the data at one or more stages in the process of the research (Creswell, 2003). Historically mixed research method is relatively not a new idea. It probably originated in 1959, when Campbell and Fiske used multiple methods to study validity of psychological traits. Their encouragement to others to use their multimethod matrix prompted others to examine using mixed methods in their enquiry (Creswell, 2003). Recognizing that all research methods have limitations, researchers felt that biases inherent in any single method could neutralizes or cancel the biases of other methods another advantage of using mixed research methods design is that it allows researchers to simultaneously generalize results from a sample to a population and to gain deeper understanding of the phenomenon of interest (Hanson, Creswell, Creswell, Plano Clark, Petska 2005). In this respect, this study will mix different research methods, for the purpose of being able to generalize research results that will be obtained, from a representative sample, but at the same time give insights and understanding of issues tackled through quantitative techniques. This will ultimately be achieved through the use and integration of data in the various research stages namely; data collection, data analysis and discussion and reporting of findings. One rationale is that, in order to generalize weather road congestion in Muscat city have implications to the road users and public transport, a quantitative tool need to be used and applied. At the same time, the in depth of such suffering needs to be qualitatively addressed. As well as describing the processes of managing congestion by local authority. Another rationale for using mixed methods research is to convey the needs of supportive bus services and thus this research is intending to explore their issues, which are related to road congestion Although there are many challenges in using mixed methods research design, such as; the researcher should be familiar with both quantitative and qualitative research methods, also the need for extensive data collection (Creswell, 2003). But the growth and the developments of using this method proved the successful and the advantages of using this specific design, as stated earlier. In conclusion, for the purpose of this study a mixed methods research design will be used in order to achieve its stated purpose. Research questions This research will attempt to answer the following questions: What are the challenges faced by road authority in Muscat? What coping strategies for congestion growth? Is there any improvement in public transport in regard to coping congestion? What type of traffic demand management and technique used in Muscat? Is there a clear vision of improving public transport? Literature review Sustainable transport systems A sustainable transport system is one in which fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, safety, congestion and local and economics access are of such levels that they can be sustained into the indefinite future without causing great or irreparable harm to future generation of people around the world Richardson(1999). To achieve sustainable transport system, it should balance socio-economic and environmental consideration in recognition of the following: Economic: A sustainable transport system is one that is affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a choice of transport mode, supports a competitive economy, as well as balanced regional development; Environmental: A sustainable transport system limits emissions and waste within the planets ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below the rates of generation, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the of development of renewable substitutes, while minimizing the impact on the use of land and the generation of noise; and Social: A sustainable transport system allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies, and society to be met safety and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, promotes equity within between successive generations. Transportation facilities and activities can have significant Environmental issues Surface transport accounts for approximately 25% of all C02 emissions globally, and transport is the only sector where emissions are increasing. While there are significant advances being made in reducing C02 emissions from other sectors such as industry and construction, technology has so far failed to find a solution for transport. Any technological advances in reducing C02 emissions have been more or less cancelled out by the increasing number of trips we are making. There is a fairly simple correlation between increasing GDP and higher trip levels. At the same time, developing countries are fast adopting the private car as their preferred mode of choice, and this is impacting on global C02 levels. This is set to increase with the introduction of the ultra low cost cars, such as the Nano car from Tata Motors in India, which has a price of about $3800. In addition to C02 issues, there are also issues related to noise and air pollution. Increasing traffic levels lead to increased visual intrusion, noise, and polluted air. Monitoring stations are already set up in many world cities to measure the impact of traffic on noise and air. However, these issues are not solely related to the private car. There are also significant environmental issues related to freight, whether this is by road or by sea. Traffic alone is responsible for breaching air quality standards in Muscat City The hot climate is very important influence of travel behaviour Key sensitive environmental areas are in close proximity to Muscat City (wetlands) Globally, there have been several important decision making meetings set to resolve global warming, which have included discussions on the role of-transport. The Kyoto Protocol was agreed in December 1997, and was in operation by February 2005. The Protocol requires industrialised countries to reduce their total emissions of greenhouse gases by about five per cent compared to 1990 levels by 2012. Each country that signed the protocol agreed to their own specific target. Developing countries were not required to meet quantitative emission goals. The world is now working towards a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol, but one that can be agreed by all countries. Economic issues In Europe time wasted while delayed on traffic congested roads costs close to 1 % of the European Unions GDP. This high cost explains the desire to improve European transport networks, and reduce reliance on road based vehicles. The Middle East is increasingly experiencing similar. issues to Europe in terms of traffic congestion, and this is expected to result in a similar impact on GDP. With the rapidly growing economies of the Middle East, China, India, and Russia, there is an ever increasing demand for transport, and much of this is being planned for by road. However, for these counties and regions to realise their full potential, there is a need for fast and reliable transport links that are not subject to congestion or delay. These links are required between their raw material suppliers and manufacturers, and ultimately to their customers, i.e. a national, regional, and worldwide network. An efficient transport system will be vital to achieving Plan 2020 economic goals Need to effectively involve private and public sector provision Governments and developers understand the importance of transport as a catalyst for regeneration, improving productivity, and creating profit, but are reluctant to invest the high infrastructure costs, particularly when delivery of this is likely to be in the long term. Roads are often seen as a lower cost solution, but this is only related to construction and maintenance. The cost to the environment and to the social well being of the people is rarely included. New economic solutions to investing in new schemes are also being devised, particularly for high cost infrastructure schemes such as new rail lines. These are developed to maximise the success of implementing a new scheme. One solution gaining favour is a property transport levy, whereby affected businesses, residents, and developers pay a lump sum for new transport infrastructure on the basis that property values and rents will increase as a result of the new transport scheme. An example of this is the Crossrail scheme in London, which is partly funded by contributions from private businesses in the financial districts. Social Issues We have already noted that on a global scale, car use is increasing, while public transport, walking, and cycling are in decline. It is becoming common place for children to be driven to school rather than walk, cycle or use public transport. Workers are increasingly using the private car for their commuting trip, and short leisure and shopping trips are driven rather than walked. For example, in suburban London it has been recorded that 32% of car trips are less than one mile. There is also strong evidence of worsening global health in the form of increasing levels of obesity, childhood diabetes, and heart disease. If healthier options for travelling were introduced globally, and people were encouraged out of their cars, this could provide a strong boost to health worldwide. Walking 20 minutes a day is one way to incorporate exercise into a daily routine to maintain a minimum level of fitness, but if there is no infrastructure to allow this, then car use will be preferred, even for the shortest trips. Road traffic accident rates in Muscat amongst the highest in the world Pedestrian accidents (at 40% of total) are a particular concern Muscats city road network leads to major severance issues Road network is very pedestrian and cycle unfriendly Unique social mix makes provision of public transport more challenging For a country to maximise its economic performance, it is important that its citizens have access to jobs, services, and goods. For a fully functioning global world class economy, this access should not be restricted to only those who are able to afford access to a car. Access for all is promoted in many countries around the world, with the provision of public transport. infrastructure, and walking and cycling routes. Countries without this level of access tend to find they have disconnected communities, with reduced opportunities to break the cycle of poverty. The other movement issue related to transport is the severance effect of building new transport corridors, whether these are road or rail based. Given their longitudinal nature, they tend to split and divide communities, where only selected crossing points are provided for pedestrians and cyclists. Linked to the risk of overcoming transport barriers is the connection between vehicular movements and road traffic accidents. These are either vehicle vehicle accidents or vehicle  ­pedestrian I cyclist accidents. One of the reasons for road traffic accidents is the provision of corridors which encourage speeding, through the creation of what is known as a canyon effect. This is when drivers feel separated from their environment, through the incorporation of pedestrian barriers and banning of the other users. This lead driver to have little regard for other more vulnerable users. In contrast, the safest streets tend to be those which either have limited or no access to private car. Effects of congestion The current literature is very limited especially with respect to Arab countries. Therefore, I will use literature from Europe and state as well as some of the experience of development countries. The first problem with congested traffic conditions is that these conditions are inherently unstable. That is, vehicles may flow quite well at speeds that are only modestly reduced from free-flow speeds, but flow may also easily break down, with the formation of queues, stop-and-go conditions, and average speeds that are very low. This instability produces one of the negatives of congestion- travel time unreliability. A second negative of congestion, is that extra time is required under these conditions, time that may be considered to be non-productive time. For those who are caught in congested conditions and who are driving outside normal working hours, it is questionable as to whether the time losses from congested conditions have an economic impact. Redmond and Mokhtarian, (2001) show that many commuters do not perceive congestion as necessarily an evil of their daily commute. Based on their study, Nasser (2002) notes that, in these modern times, many people can find complete pri vacy in only two places-the car or the toilet. For many, there is actually peace and relaxation commuting alone. For many, its the only time they have to read (by listening to books on tape), enjoy music they like, catch up on the news, smoke without being chastised or make personal phone calls in total privacy (Nasser, 2002). Such attitudes do not bode well for carpooling, which is often seen as one of the alternatives to reduce congestion. New road to reduce congestion Anthony Downs (1992), argues that building our way out of existing traffic congestion problems doesnt work because of triple convergence.; When a road is widened to reduce traffic congestion, three responses occur over time to reduce the benefit of increased capacity. First, drivers who previously used alternate routes will switch to the newly expanded facility. Second, drivers who previously traveled on the congested facility during off-peak hours will switch to the peak period. Third, many people who car pooled or used public transit to avoid the hassle of stop-and-go traffic during the peak period will choose the convenience of driving alone on the newly uncongested link in the transportation system. The cumulative effect of the three types of individual behavioral responses to increased capacity ends up forcing equilibrium traffic flow on the expanded facility back toward its initial congested state. This scenario exactly happening in Muscat, government continuously focusing to improve road infrastructure to solve a congestion problem, but within certain of time traffic volume build up by moving road users from congested routes to the new road and encouraging people to use their own private transport. Recent studies show that building or widening highways induces more traffic, called induced travel. Shortly after the lanes or road is opened traffic will increase to 10 to 50% of the new roadway capacity as public transit or carpool riders switch to driving, or motorists decide to take more or longer trips or switch routes. This is short-term induced travel. In the longer term (three years or more), as the new roadway capacity stimulates more sprawl and motorists move farther from work and shopping, the total induced travel rises to 50 to 100% of the roadway ¹s new capacity. This extra traffic clogs local streets at both ends of the highway travel. The following table summarizes these studies. Accessibility and mobility Accessibility can be defined as the ease of reaching destinations (Levine and Garb, 2002), whereas mobility may be defined as the ease of movement. While these two concepts are clearly related, they are not the same thing. If a person lives in an area where there are many possible destinations close by, accessibility may be very high, even though mobility might be constrained, as in a CBD. On the other hand, if a person lives in a relatively remote area, accessibility may be poor because considerable travel time and cost is required to reach any destination, although mobility may be high. In 1960, world inhabitants travelled an average of 1820 km by car, bus, railway or aircraft. Three decades later, the annual distance travelled had increased to 4390 km. In light of a 75% world population growth, absolute motorised mobility rose by a factor greater than four( Schafer, 1998). As Levine and Garb (2002) point out, mobility and accessibility are measured in different ways. Mobility is measured as a generalised cost of travel (time plus money) per kilometre; accessibility is measured as the generalized cost of travel per destination. Generally, mobility is closely related to the level of service provided on the transport system. Higher levels of service represent lower costs per kilometre of travel. Thus, increases in capacity of the system will almost always lead to an increase in mobility, at least in the short term. Accessibility, however, is related to destinations, and therefore, requires attention both to land use patterns and to the quality of destinations. Miller, (1999). Increasing congestion is likely to produce decreases in both mobility and accessibility. Longer travel times and increased monetary costs of travel, as a result of congestion, obviously increase the travel cost per kilometre. At the same time, these increased travel times may also result in reduced accessibility, by making potential destinations more expensive to reach. However, different methods for tackling congestion will be likely to have quite different effects on each of mobility and accessibility, as is discussed subsequently in this paper Increasing public transport use Public transport has an important role to play within most urban areas. There still remain significant groups of the population who either cannot afford to own and operate a car, or who make a conscious choice to avoid the car. There are also specific movements within the urban area to which public transport is better suited than the car, under virtually any circumstances. This is particularly the case for work trips going to the central business districts of many cities. It is also an important means of travel for the elderly who can no longer drive or no longer wish to, and for young people who are not yet old enough to hold a drivers license, or who cannot yet afford a car. In modern history, and perhaps in all of transport history, there has never been success in shifting people into public transport at the rate that is called for in many contemporaneous policy statements. This alone, however, does not mean to say that such shifts into public transport are not possible. It may just be that no one has come up with the appropriate policy mix (carrots and sticks) to produce these sorts of market shifts. It is also possible that there has not existed previously the political courage to implement what must be done if such large shifts in public transport markets are to occur. It is, however, important to look at the magnitude of what is required. Demand Management Toolbox Demand management is playing important factor to solve traffic growth. There is a broad range of TDM measures, including: Transportation Management Associations: leverage public and private funds to increase the use of ridesharing and other commuting options that reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality Including or improving pedestrian-oriented design elements, such as short pedestrian crossings, wide sidewalks and street trees. Requiring users of parking to pay the costs directly, as opposed to sharing the costs indirectly with others through increased rents and tax subsidies. Including and improving public transportation infrastructure, such as subway entrances, bus stops and routes. Subsidizing transit costs for employees or residents. Bicycle-friendly facilities and environments, including secure bike storage areas and showers. See Bicycle transportation engineering Providing active transportation (AT) facilities including bike lanes and multi-use trails. Flex-time work schedules with employers to reduce congestion at peak times Congestion pricing tolls during peak hours. Road space rationing by restricting travel based on license plate number, at certain times and places. Workplace travel plans Road space reallocation, aiming to re-balance provision between private cars which often predominate due to high spatial allocations for roadside parking, and for sustainable modes. Time, Distance and Place (TDP) Road Pricing, where road users are charged based on when, where and how much they drive. Some transportation experts believe TDP pricing is an integral part of the next generation in transportation demand management Sustainable Mobility The common strategy of sustainable mobility should contain the impact on the environment, while allowing transport to continue to fulfill its economic and social function, particularly in the context of the single market, and thus ensure the long term development of transport in the community. It should also contribute to social and economic cohesion in the community and to the new opportunities for the peripheral regions (Banister,2000) Our sustainable strategy in Muscat focusing on economic issues only. However, we will end up by heavily a congestion road, and we cant be coping with the economic growth. Unless we prepare green transport strategy, which provide better integration of land use and transport, and taking serious consideration of social and environment as well as economic concern. The Intuitional Issues Urban Policies and Development The institutional issue refers to how the country, society and private agencies define and implement transport -related public policies. Several public policies influence socio-spatial organization, including urban development, land use, housing, transport and traffic. For my research topic three main areas are relevant: Urban planning; Transport planning; and Traffic management These are associated with three objectives: land, circulation of structure and means, and circulation patterns. The urban planning and transport planning are considered to be most important public action. Traffic management is often considered to be secondary importance, related more technical, simple objectives that should be dealt with engineers. While urban planning is mainly concerned with land use provision of public services, transport planning involves of definition of circulation infrastructure and means. Urban planning The Higher Committee for Town Planning government body responsible for implementing plans of economic and social development in the Sultanate in the fields of physical and spatial, and through the preparation of detailed plans at the regional and urban areas. Has been formally established by Royal Decree No. 27/85, dated the twenty-fourth of February 1985, was rebuilt more than once on the requirements of the public interest. The main tasks of the Commission: policy-making of urban planning at all levels of in accordance with economic considerations, social and environmental development strategy of urban development so as to achieve overall development goals and sustainable development in all provinces and regions of the Sultanate approvals planning the allocation of land for various purposes in establishing controls and propose the necessary legislation to regulate and direct the work of the establishment of the Urban Planning an integrated system for geographic information includes databases and maps for

State Lotteries :: essays research papers

State Lotteries: Take a Second Look   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the time the Europeans first landed on the Atlantic shore, lotteries have been a part of the American society. According to Will Spink, most states are currently operating a state lottery despite its bleak history in the U.S. (Spink 1). Since 1983, North Carolina has introduced lottery bills in the legislature every year (NC Christian 15). North Carolina Governor, Mike Easley, favors a lottery for increasing revenues for education (Analysis 2). However lucrative state lotteries appear on the surface, they create even more moral and financial difficulties for citizens, and this should encourage states to look at other means of resources instead of legalized gambling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a lottery fact sheet provided by Governor Easley’s office, North Carolinians spend $100 million on the Virginia lottery and $25 million on the Georgia lottery. Since at least one-half of the lottery money goes to prizes then North Carolina has fifty percent of this money returned. Lottery proponents still argue that $40.6 million is still leaving North Carolina (Analysis 2). â€Å"Three stores on U. S. 29 just over the state line in Danville accounted for almost $12 million worth of ticket sales,† and more than ninety percent of the customers were most likely North Carolinians (Lottery referendum 3A). Research does support that many taxpayers play the lottery and proponents may feel that this justifies the lottery. In addition, research shows that lottery participation reaches almost evenly across all income groups. However, a 1999 survey for the National Gambling Impact Study Commission showed â€Å" that low and moderate income lottery taxpayers spend more on the lottery than do middle income taxpayers† (Analysis 3,4). In addition, this study revealed that education levels do affect how much a person spends on the lottery. The biggest spenders were high school dropouts and as education levels increase, the amount of money spent decreases. African Americans spend more money on lotteries than any other racial group (NC Insider 2). Instead of helping the less fortunate acquire an education, the lottery widens the gap between them and the upper classes of society (Spink 3). Proponents support lottery referendums because it is the best way to raise money voluntarily without raising taxes. People who play the lottery volunteer their money. However, lotteries do not necessarily prevent tax increases. In a study conducted by Money magazine, tax revenue was found to have increased by 21.7 percent over a five-year period in lottery states while only 7.

Gender and Sex Worksheet

————————————————- Associate Program Material Gender and Sex Worksheet Answer the following questions in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? Gender is wheather a person is male or female. Sex in biological terms is the property or quality by which organisms are classified as female or male on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions.Gender and sex are not the same sex refers to the differences of biological and gender describes the characteristics of male and females. How do gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? * Gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity in many ways. Gender and sex concepts and constructions of masculinity and feminity of being able to tell the difference between the two. They show them as being completely different like males being the protector and the ladies as being caring and emotional.Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity? * Yes, I do feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity. I feel that we look at males in one light and females in another, we all at some point expect men to be the ones that are tough, and brave and look at women as being emotional. When it could be the other way around. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain.Yes, I feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation in many ways. We have a understanding of what each gender is and what they provide, causing us to make a decision on who we want to be with in life. Whether we are Heterosexual: att racted to individuals of the opposite sex, Bisexual: attracted to members of either sex, Homosexual: attracted to individuals of one's own sex. References Debbie Bridges, August 02, 2012, Sexual Orientation, Retrieve from: www. webmd. com Brandon Jones, March 18,2013, Sex and gender distinction, Retrieve from: www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sex_and_gender_ Gender and Sex Worksheet 1) What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? a. Gender is the condition of being female or male and an internal sense of self. Sex in biological terms refers to the physical attributes such as sex chromosomes and hormones. No they are not the same thing even though much of society uses these words interchangeable to hold the same meaning. Gender is what a person most identifies with internally and externally. And sex is how you are born you are either borne a female or a male. 2) How do gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? b. They play apart in many different ways we are born either male or female which is our sex. This determines what role we will fall in to in society. Gender is our internal self which sex we feel we most identify with. We are born in to the construction society has set out for us. Men are the head and women follow behind and this is seen in many aspects of society. Such as the house hold in wages, job advancement, and job opportunity. 3) Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity? c. Yes our concepts do affect the way we view gender and sex in diversity. We believe that there is only a right way and a wrong way and if you do not follow society ways than we are viewed and categorized differently. Our views and the views society says are the norm in which we must follow. 4) Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain. d. Yes our concepts do contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation our concepts of sex in you are born with female organs or male organs by being born in to a certain sex you will take on a certain role society says you should fit in to. You are also to like or be attracted to the opposite sex as you as society says that this is the norm. Gender and Sex Worksheet Associate Program Material Gender and Sex Worksheet Answer the following questions in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? Gender is the description or identification of a person as either male or female. In bioloical terms, sex is described as the biological differences between men and women. Gender and sex are not the same thing. Gender describes a person as male or female, which can be determined by the ender in which a person identifies with.For example, a transgendered female is essentially a person that was born a male, but identifies with females. In this particular situation, the person would be considered female from the gender perspective. However, the person is still considered male from the perspective of sex in the bioloical sense. How do gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? Gende r and sex are major contributors to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity in many ways. The biological sex of a person determines how parents and families interact with their children from birth.If the child is a girl, we dress them in pastel colors and buy them dolls. We tend to be more compassionate towards our daughters. If the child is a boy, we dress them in blue and buy them tonka trucks and action figures. We tend to be more active and athletic with our sons. However, if at some point that child finds themselves to identify with the opposite gender, they will exhibit characteristics of that gender (i. e. a male with feminine behaviors and characteristics). Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity?I think that our society’s concepts of gender and sex definitely contribute to how we embrace gender and sex. We tend to be less open-minded if a transgendered woman prefers to be addressed as a male and wants to be called by a male name. We are uncomfortable when a male dresses as a female and exhibits feminine behaviors and characteristics. In actuality, we should all accept those for who they are, no matter their gender or sex. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain. Our concepts of gender and sex can contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation.It is considered normal to be heterosexual in our society and being gay or lesbian is becoming more acceptable in our society. However, if a transgendered woman, who is biologically a male, chooses to be intimate with a male it is considered to be homosexual behavior. This scenario could go both ways because the transgendered woman considers herself a man being intimate with a woman, which is characteristically heterosexual behavior. I believe that love is universal ans should not be defined as heterosexual or homosexual. People should be with the person that they lov e unconditionally, whether they are male or female. Gender and Sex Worksheet ————————————————- Associate Program Material Gender and Sex Worksheet Answer the following questions in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? Gender is wheather a person is male or female. Sex in biological terms is the property or quality by which organisms are classified as female or male on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions.Gender and sex are not the same sex refers to the differences of biological and gender describes the characteristics of male and females. How do gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? * Gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity in many ways. Gender and sex concepts and constructions of masculinity and feminity of being able to tell the difference between the two. They show them as being completely different like males being the protector and the ladies as being caring and emotional.Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity? * Yes, I do feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity. I feel that we look at males in one light and females in another, we all at some point expect men to be the ones that are tough, and brave and look at women as being emotional. When it could be the other way around. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain.Yes, I feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation in many ways. We have a understanding of what each gender is and what they provide, causing us to make a decision on who we want to be with in life. Whether we are Heterosexual: att racted to individuals of the opposite sex, Bisexual: attracted to members of either sex, Homosexual: attracted to individuals of one's own sex. References Debbie Bridges, August 02, 2012, Sexual Orientation, Retrieve from: www. webmd. com Brandon Jones, March 18,2013, Sex and gender distinction, Retrieve from: www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sex_and_gender_

Moral Courage of Benedict Arnold

Moral Courage of Benedict Arnold It is often said that it is easy to find moral courage in various individuals that have been celebrated for their actions throughout history yet it is far harder and a lot more interesting to try to find moral courage in historical figures that have been vilified for their actions and treated as cowards.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Moral Courage of Benedict Arnold specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the history of choices and the way in which they leave an indelible mark by which a person is judged the decision of betrayal made by Benedict Arnold has forever marked him in infamy as a traitor to the American Revolution and the measure by which future traitors are compared to (Evisum, 1). While history has marked him a traitor to America Benedict Arnold was actually a revolutionary hero before he became traitor. His actions at the Battle of Valcour Island, the Battle of Ridgefield and the Battle of Saratoga contr ibuted immensely towards ensuring the survival of the revolution. Unfortunately, despite his successes at the battlefield he was repeatedly passed over for promotion and was accused numerous times by political and military opponents of corruption. Despite these accusations Arnold continued to faithfully serve the early Continental Congress and was actually one of the cornerstones of the revolutionary effort as indicated by various historical records and historians alike. It must be noted that even though he had contributed vast sums to the war effort the early Continental Congress accused him of owing them money (Evisum, 1). From these events it can be seen that initially, Arnold displayed courage, conviction and utter selflessness risking his life numerous times and nearly driving himself to bankruptcy in order to liberate the original 13 colonies from British rule. As a result of all these allegations in spite of his efforts to help win the war Arnold became disenchanted and turne d traitor to the revolution. Under the theory of utilitarianism the moral worth of a perceived action is actually reliant on its resulting outcome. This means that the overall usefulness of a particular action is dependent on the resulting positive utility created and the reduction in negative utility. In the case of Benedict Arnold his contributions helped to ensure the success of the revolution yet the resulting outcome has him betraying his nation due to the maltreatment he suffered under their hands. American historians do agree that if it was not for the actions of Benedict Arnold the American Revolution would not have succeeded. Under the theory of utilitarianism the maximizing utility that was initially created was the contribution of Arnold towards the liberation of America under British rule.Advertising Looking for article on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, his actions could be considere d as being morally courageous in the face of possible negative circumstances. His subsequent betrayal of the American people on the other hand can actually be explained by two concepts namely the theory of egoism and the psychological humanist theory under Maslow. Under the theory of egoism it is expressly stated that people are moral agents that should accomplish actions that are in their own self-interests. In a way the theory assumes that since people are moral agents they will not pursue lines of behavior that will negatively affect the well being of other people but rather enhances ones own well being through self-action. In the case of Benedict Arnold his betrayal of the American Revolution was a direct result of the maltreatment he received at their hands, a facet of information conveniently left out in most historical text known to the general public. As such in order to pursue an action that would be to his own well-being he would choose to leave those who maltreated him an d join those who promised to treat him better. Records do show that after the war was over Benedict Arnold was treated rather well by the British government and as such his pursuit of ethical egoism where the self is put first before others was a success. The humanist theory on the other hand takes a different approach to interpreting the actions of Arnold. According to the humanist theory, human behavior is motivated to achieve the so called â€Å"maximum potential† of the self and as such people will always attempt to reach this maximum potential unless they are hindered by obstacles (Hefner Media Group, 1). The best way of explaining the actions of Arnold would be to use Maslows pyramid of the hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggests that all humans have specific needs which they try to meet which come in a certain hierarchical order. It can be assumed that after the war was over Arnold planned to return to his life as a merchant yet with the accusations hurled against him and his supposed debt to Congress this would not be feasible. Here the obstacles to Arnold meeting his needs under Maslow’s pyramid are the debts he has to congress and the accusations against him (Hefner Media Group, 1). For him to continue to achieve his maximum potential he would need to overcome these obstacles and as a result he chose to betray the revolution and join the British which did result in him gaining enough money to become a merchant again. Care ethics on the other hand does not support the actions of Arnold, while it may be true that he contributed to the war the fact remains that once he betrayed the nation his knowledge of the tactics and stratagems of the various military commanders actually cost several men their lives.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Moral Courage of Benedict Arnold specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fact is care ethics focuses on the interdependence of individuals and v ulnerability some individuals have over the course of actions of others. It is a theory that helps to determine whether the course of action a person took was right or wrong. In the case of Benedict Arnold, though he may have helped defend the nation early on the fact remains that his actions later on in the course of the war resulted in hundreds of deaths and as such under the theory of care ethics his actions are condemned. The theories of intuition, Divine Command, Kant, and Ross come into play in this particular study when examining the legality, morality and ethicality behind the reasons of particular actions. In the case of Benedict Arnold his actions were in a way illegal and unethical due to the violation in trust that the American public at the time had placed in him. It must be noted though that unethical and immoral types of behavior were first done against him by his opponents in the continental congress before he even tried to betray the American people. His actions, im moral and unethical as they may be, are nothing more than the result of him rebelling against the continued slander and torment that was hurled against him. The most useful theory in identifying the reasoning behind the actions of Arnold would be that of Consequentialism and its judgment that a morally right act would have the consequence of producing a morally right result and vice versa. In the case of Arnold his self sacrifice on the battlefield resulted in numerous victories for the early army of the U.S. It has been clearly stated that if Arnold had not joined the revolution at the time it would have been likely that the original 13 colonies would have lost the war. As such his morally right action produced a good result in the form of America winning the war. Arnolds betrayal could actually be considered the result of consequentialism as well since it was the immoral and unethical actions of the continental congress against Arnold that caused him to betray them in the first pl ace. Though it may be somewhat morbid the best lesson that can be learned from examination of Benedict Arnold is that no matter how strong your ethical conviction is everyone has a tipping point. From being one of the revolutions greatest heroes to becoming one of its most hated villains Arnold initially did try to stay true to his ethical convictions. Unfortunately the utterly contemptible manner in which he was treated despite his efforts resulted in him being disgusted over what the revolution was about resulting in him abandoning their cause.Advertising Looking for article on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Evisum. Benedict Arnold. (2000). pg.1. Retrieved from https://www.benedictarnold.org/ Hefner Media Group. Personality Synopsis. Allpsychonline (2004). pg. 1.Retrieved from http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/murray/

Teach Skills for Content Reading With Developmental Reading

Teach Skills for Content Reading With Developmental Reading Developmental Reading is the name given to a branch of reading instruction designed to support students in content area classes, such as  social studies, history, and the sciences. Developmental reading programs teach students strategies for engaging content texts, such as textbooks, articles, and resource books that they will encounter in high school and beyond, in higher education settings.   Developmental reading does not address basic reading skills, such as phonemic awareness,  decoding, and vocabulary.   Many community colleges offer developmental reading courses to help students who are not really prepared for the rigors of college-level courses, especially technical textbooks. Strategies for Success in Developmental Reading Often students with disabilities are so overwhelmed by the amount of text they see in their content (social studies, biology, political science, health) classes that they will sometimes just shut down without even looking for information they need.  Their typical peers may never actually read a text since they can often use text features to find the information they need.  Teaching students, especially students with a history of difficulty with text, how to use text features will give them a sense of command over the text and help them read strategically as part of test preparation and study skills. Text Features Helping students recognize and learn to use text features is a foundational part of developmental reading.  Teach students to first scan the text, reading captions and titles and subtitles, and they will be better able to understand and remember the content of the text.   Illustrations:  the pictures, of course.  Photographs: yes, they are photographs rather than illustrations.Maps:  often to be found in social studies texts, and can typically be pivotal to understanding content.Captions:  found under illustrations, photographs, and maps, captions usually label what the student sees, often offering import information for unlocking the meaning.Titles:  tells specifically what the author intends you to find in the chapter or article.Subtitles.  the subtitles show how the author organized the information and can help students find the specific information they need.Index:  in the back. Very important to know how to use it.Glossary:  often word (new content-specific vocabulary,) will be boldfaced in the text, and students need to know that the glossary has a definition. Prediction Getting students to prepare for approaching a text is an important part of success in reading.  SQ3R  was the standard for many years:  Scan, Question, Read, Recite and Review.  In other words, scanning (using text features) was to lead to questions:  What do I know?  What do I want to know?  What do I expect to learn?  Yes, that is prediction!

Whole Foods Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Whole Foods Market - Essay Example Not only did they satisfy the people in Texas they went well above and beyond. â€Å"Wow! What a ride. Back in 1980, we started out with one small store in Austin, Texas. Today, we’re the world’s leader in natural and organic foods, with more than 310 stores in North America and the United Kingdom. What a long, strange trip it’s been. We still honor our original ideals, and we think that has a lot to do with our success.† (About Whole Foods) It is very important to shed light upon the price of certain items sold in Whole Foods, the price is usually higher than the same grocery products sold in other stores, this is something which could be affecting the profits of Whole Foods. However, it is unclear as to why the price is higher than other grocery stores. There could be a number of reasons for this but at the end of the day what matters is profit and the quality of the products sold in the store. As far as the quality is concerned Whole Foods has always be en providing their customers with the very best products so quality is certainly not an issue but price is something which they need to work on only then can they increase their profits. Reducing the price does not mean it will hamper their growth, they can always find new ways or special offers which could fetch them even more profits, everything comes down to innovation. Thinking out of the box has become really important and one good pricing strategy can fetch a lot of profit to Whole Foods. Whole Foods does not promote the discount card scheme and this is really strange, it is strange because the customers who keep visiting the store do not get rewarded and they should be rewarded only then will they feel like coming over and over again. Discount cards will also bring Whole Foods new customers and finding new customers is really important for any business. This is the first change which Whole Foods must introduce; discount cards are the need of the hour. The economic conditions in the recent past have been anything but ideal considering the same Whole Foods must introduce discount cards and this change is ought to bring more clients which would imply more profit for the organization. Whole Foods can become even more popular by sponsoring events, sponsoring local events would be ideal just to make a start but in the long run the store can also sponsor sporting events so that it becomes even more popular. This is another very good way of attracting more clients. The Premier League is a classic example, Barclays in the UK started sponsoring the Premier League in England and it is now known as the Barclays Premier League and it is watched by Billions of people across the globe. Such sponsorship deals may be expensive for an organization but can prove very beneficial in the long run. Whole Foods should also look at similar opportunities so as to make their mark. Organic food is something in which Whole Foods specialize and they need to work on building a brand identity. The first thing which should come to minds of people when they think of organic food should be Whole Foods, this is not an easy job but it can be accomplished and there are several organizations who have accomplished the same and there is no reason as to why Whole Foods cannot achieve the same in the field of organic food. Aggressive promotion is another idea which could work well for Whole Foods, social networking websites have become incredibly popular, big organizations have their own Facebook pages and Whole Foods should also create a Fan page and keep it updated so that the people can know of the recent changes and the recent products being sold by Whole Foods. Twitter is another medium with the help of

Bacons Rebellion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bacons Rebellion - Essay Example This reality struck the manipulative white class which controlled the disadvantaged class. As is shown in the picture below, whites and blacks are together preoccupied by a mission, however offensive it may be. The picture shows white Virginia settlers and amidst them there are also black men. The man on extreme right beating the drum is a black rebel who like other men in the picture is provoked by Bacon to set Jamestown on fire. The supporters Bacon gathered around himself to thwart Berkeley for personal reasons were a mix of whites and blacks. The image above also shows that Bacon, though leading the rebellion for personal motives, unconsciously demonstrated to the ruling white class that poor whites and blacks could be unified for a solid cause. The whites and blacks who would never stand close to one another struck up an alliance which sent out a very clear message to the rich Virginia colonists. There is a message of unity emanating from this picture and this message frightened the rich white class. This unity between poor white and black social groups motivated the ruling elites to turn whites against black servants by inculcating a sense of racial hatred in them. This also motivated them to incapacitate poor blacks by the aid of slavery. It was due to this alliance between whites and blacks in the Bacon’s rebellion that the rich white planters set out on creating distances between them by very strategically extending more benefits to the disadvantaged whites. Giant masses of Negro slaves and white servants bonded during the course of Bacon’s rebellion. They allied against rich whites of Virginia because Bacon promised them equal rights and independence from economic contraction. It is not a general consensus that Bacon only instigated this rebellion for personal benefits (Rothbard 2012). Bacon might have had some good reasons too to start a rebellion on such a large scale as was believed by a large number of whites and